Exhausted lymphopoiesis and persistent CD4⁺ T-cell count decline. Circulating CD34⁺, lymphoid HPCs, naive CD4⁺ T-cell, or CD8⁺ T-, B-, and NK-cell counts and percentages of CD38⁺ memory CD8⁺ T cells are shown for one donor at 2 different time points to highlight the association between declining CD4⁺ T-cell counts and exhaustion of lymphopoietic capacity despite low viral load before and after initiation of ART.