CD4⁺ T-cell reconstitution and lymphopoiesis. (A) Numbers of total or white (CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM) progenitor CFUs generated from CD34⁺-sorted cells of treated HIV-1–infected patients (with CD4⁺ T-cell nadir before treatment < 200 cells/μL and for > 3 years on ART) grouped according to CD4⁺ T-cell counts: > 500 (Hx) or < 200 (Lx) cells/μL. Middle-aged control adults (M), treatment-naive HIV-1–infected patients with CD4⁺ T-cell count < 200 cells/μL (L), and treated HIV-1–infected patients with CD4⁺ T-cell nadir > 500 cells/μL (Hxh) are shown for comparison. (B) Frequency of lymphoid (CD45RA⁺ CD10⁺ CD117⁻ CD38⁺) HPCs from PBMCs of treated HIV-1–infected patients or comparative donor groups. (C) Percentages of CD38-expressing memory CD8⁺ T cells and (D) plasma levels of sCD14, IP-10, MIG, and SDF-1α in treated HIV-1–infected patients and comparative donor groups. The Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparing 2 groups or ≥ 3 groups, respectively. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. Bars indicate the median.