Longitudinal follow-up during chronic infection and ART. Time interval (A), CD4⁺ T-cell counts (B), percentages of CD38-expressing memory CD8⁺ T cells (C), blood CD34⁺ HPC counts (D), and percentages of naive (CD45RA⁺ CCR7⁺ CD27⁺) CD8⁺ or CD4⁺ T cells (E) are shown for 11 HIV-1–infected patients followed longitudinally: between chronic infection (Ch), progression before treatment (Pr), and prolonged ART (Tx). The Wilcoxon test was used for comparing time points. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001.