Links between hemostasis and innate immunity in sepsis. The invading pathogenic agent (in this example, LPS) binds to TLR4 on peripheral monocytes to initiate the hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable cascades, as diagrammed. EC indicates endothelial cells; aEC, activated endothelial cells; TJ, intercellular tight junction proteins; Ne, neutrophils; Mo, monocytes; Mϕ, macrophages; aTAFI, activated thrombin activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor; and iNOS, inducible nitric acid synthetase. ↑ indicates up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation.