DC activation by TLR ligands induces a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis. (A) Glycolytic rate of DCs after18 hours of culture in medium alone (-) or with the TLR4, TLR2, and TLR9 ligands, LPS, heat-killed PA or cytosine phosphate guanosine (CpG). (B) Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression by DCs analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. (C) Glucose consumption by resting (-) and LPS-activated DCs. (D) Lactate production by resting (-) and LPS-activated DCs. (E) Rate of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in DCs cultured for 18 hours in medium alone (-) or after stimulation with LPS. (F) Mitochondrial O2 consumption of resting (-) or LPS-stimulated DCs. (G) Mitochondrial potential, as assessed by fluorescence with the MitoTracker Red CMXRos. (H) Mitochondrial mass, assessed by fluorescence with the MitoTracker Green FM. (G-H) The y-axis indicates cell number. (I) The glycolysis/β-oxidation ratio for DCs stimulated with LPS. Bars represent mean values ± SDs from 3 independent replicates; *P < .05 compared with unstimulated controls (-). All data are representative of 2 to 4 independent experiments.
