End point AFM imaging of effects of HCQ on AnxA5 crystallization. (A) In the absence of HCQ, aPL mAb with β₂GPI markedly disrupted the normally smooth AnxA5 crystalline array, as previously described.^7,12  The dark zones present throughout the image (6 of which are demarcated by ellipses) indicate markedly decreased height measurements that are consistent with exposure of phospholipid bilayer (size range 0.5-2 μm), 6 of which are demarcated by ellipses.^7,12  (B) Addition of HCQ prevented this marked disruption of AnxA5 crystallization and resulted in a cobbled surface that is entirely covered by patches of AnxA5 (size range 1.5-4.5 μm; 2 of which are demarcated by diamonds).