Gram⁺ bacteria enhance both HIV susceptibility and replication in the mLCs. mLCs and mDCs were incubated with heat-killed whole bacteria, including S aureus (10^5∼7 CFU/mL), S typhimurium (10^4∼6 CFU/mL), L spp (10⁶ CFU/mL), group B streptococcus (10⁶ CFU/mL), P bivia (10⁶ CFU/mL), or B fragilis (10⁶ CFU/mL) for 24 hours before (A,C,D) and after (B,E) HIV exposure. The percentage of positive cells for HIV p24 was assessed in langerin⁺ CD11c⁺ mLCs (A-C) or CD11c⁺ mDCs (D,E). Results are shown as means plus or minus SD (*P < .05). All data shown represent at least 2 separate experiments.