γδ T lymphocytes producing IFN-γ are also IL-17–producing cells. PBMCs from HIV-1–infected Pts (A,B: 1 representative Pt; C: n = 20 for Pts with increased Vδ1 T cells; D: n = 4 for Pts with increased Vδ2 T cells) or Hds (n = 10, C,D) were surface stained with the FITC–anti-CD3 and PE-conjugated A13 (A) or BB3 (B) mAbs (to identify Vδ1 or Vδ2 T cells, respectively) and cytoplasmically stained with APC-anti–IL-17 and PE-Cy7-anti–IFN-γ (performed immediately after isolation [Ai,Bi] and ex vivo [C,D]) or after 7 days of culture with Ca or PPD, and rIL-2 was added on day 4 (Aii,Bii,C,D). Samples were analyzed by FACSCanto flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) gating on CD3/Vδ1 (Ai-Aii, C) or CD3/Vδ2 (Bi-ii, D) T cells. Results are expressed as mean far red (APC) fluorescence intensity (x-axis, au) versus mean very far red (PE-Cy7) fluorescence intensity (y-axis, au; Ai-ii, Bi-ii). The percentages depicted in the top right quadrants of contour plots in panels A and B indicate IFN-γ⁺IL-17⁺ cells among Vδ1 T cells ex vivo (Ai) or after culture with C albicans (Ca; Aii) or among Vδ2 T cells ex vivo (Bi) or after culture with PPD (Bii). (C-D) IFN-γ⁺IL-17⁺ cells gated on CD3/Vδ1 (C) or CD3/Vδ2 (D) T cells, before and after culture with Ca or PPD (mean ± SD from 10 Hds and mean ± SD from 20 in C or 4 Pts in D). *P < .01 versus Hds. **P < .01 versus ex vivo.