Trial schema and treatment schedules. ADE 10 + 3 + 5 treatment was cytarabine 100 mg/m² every 12 hours by intravenous push on days 1 to 10 inclusive (20 doses); daunorubicin 50 mg/m² daily by slow intravenous push on days 1, 3, and 5 (3 doses); etoposide 100 mg/m² daily by 1-hour intravenous infusion on days 1 to 5 inclusive (5 doses). ADE 8 + 3 + 5 treatment was cytarabine 100 mg/m² every 12 hours by intravenous push on days 1 to 8 inclusive (16 doses); daunorubicin 50 mg/m² daily by slow intravenous push on days 1, 3, and 5 (3 doses); etoposide 100 mg/m² daily by 1-hour intravenous infusion on days 1 to 5 inclusive (5 doses). FLA treatment was fludarabine 30 mg/m² daily by 30-minute intravenous infusion on days 1 to 5 inclusive (5 doses); cytarabine 2 g/m² daily by intravenous infusion over 4 hours on days 1 to 5 inclusive (5 doses, total 10 g/m²). For patients aged 60 years or older the cytarabine infusion was reduced to 1 g/m² daily (total 5 g/m²). G-CSF treatment was 0.5 MU (5 μg)/kg per day subcutaneously or intravenously, starting on the first day of each course of induction chemotherapy (courses 1 and 2). G-CSF should be administered daily until the neutrophil count is greater than 0.5 × 10⁹/L for 2 consecutive days, up to a maximum of 28 days. ATRA treatment was 45 mg/m² per day orally, starting on the first day of chemotherapy course 1 and continuing daily during and after courses 1 and 2, to a maximum of 90 days (or until the patient comes off protocol if this occurs before 90 days).