GAG-dependent cytoadherence and rosetting of infected erythrocytes.

(A-B) Inhibition of cytoadherence to HUVECs (panel A) and HLECs (panel B) was studied by incubating pRBCs on endothelial cells as described in “Materials and methods.” The GAGs HS (▪), heparin (×), or CSA (○) were added at the indicated concentrations together with the erythrocytes. (C) In the rosetting assay, rosettes were mechanically disrupted and allowed to re-form in the absence or presence of HS (▪), heparin (×), or CSA (○) for 1 hour at 37°C. All data are expressed as the mean of 3 independent experiments ± SD.