Other genes frequently mutated in MPNs affect epigenetic regulation or mRNA splicing. Genes affected by loss-of-function mutations (DNMT3a, TET2, ASXL1, and EZH2) are shown in blue and genes affected by gain-of-function mutations (IDH1/2) and mutations affecting spliceosome function are shown in pink. 2-HG indicates 2-hydroxyglutarate; αKG, alpha-ketoglutarate; K27, methylated lysine 27 tail of histone H3. CpG sites are shown in white (unmethylated), red (5-methylcytosine, 5-mc), or grey (5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-hmc), depending on their methylation status.