Survival of MDS patients, defined by ICD-O3 codes 9980 to 9989, at different ages at diagnoses (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data). Cases diagnosed since January 1, 2004 are shown in bold (5-azacytidine was FDA approved in 2004); apparent improvements for females in the older age group are marginally significant at P = .06 (log-rank test). Pooling across all years of diagnoses and sex differences in survival are highly significant (P ≪ .0001 left, P = .0001 right, log-rank test; males 2000-2003, n = 1378, ≥ 2004 n = 4021; females 2000-2003 n =1041, ≥ 2004, n = 3144).