IL-12 and IL-15 induce phenotypic NK-cell markers on ILC3s. NKp44⁺ and NCR⁻ ILC3s derived from pediatric tonsils or the indicated humanized mouse tissues were cultured with IL-2 plus IL-7 or IL-12 plus IL-15 and analyzed for expression of Eomes, CD94, and T-bet by flow cytometry. Tonsillar and splenic ILC3 cultures were maintained for 3 weeks, intestinal cultures for 4 weeks. (A) Representative flow cytometry plots of expanded tonsillar NKp44⁺ ILC3s and NK cells, each row gated on viable ILCs. (B) Frequency of the indicated subsets in cultures. For tonsils, N = 9 and N = 5 for NKp44⁺ and NCR⁻ ILC3s, respectively. For spleen, N = 14 (10 HFL donors, 2-8 mice per donor) and N = 6 (6 HFL donors, 2-8 mice per donor) for NKp44⁺ and NCR⁻ ILC3s, respectively. For SI, N = 3 (3 HFL donors, 4-5 mice each). not significant (ns), P > .05; *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 using the paired Student t test.