CD28 and CD86 expression influences patient outcomes. (A) Plot of CD28 vs CD86 expression in patients enrolled in CoMMpass. Vertical and horizontal dashed lines represent the 25th and 75th percentiles. (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients in the top (red) and bottom (blue) CD28 and CD86 expression quartiles and all other patients (gray) in the CoMMpass study. Both PFS (left) and OS (right) are shown. (C) Histogram of percentage of myeloma cells positive for CD28 by flow cytometry data from 141 patients (left) and boxplot of CD28 mRNA expression for patients with myelomas that are <100% CD28⁺ and those that are 100% CD28⁺ (right). (D) PFS (left) and OS (right) for 141 patients with both CD28 flow cytometry and outcome data in the CoMMpass study. FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped; HR, hazard ratio.