Time diagram of clinical observations, FL biopsies, TRIM37, and IRAK1 scores. Each horizontal line represents the time line for a particular patient, the length indicating total observation time since primary diagnosis. Patients are ordered according to total observation time, with FL biopsies from patients without transformation (blue bar; 30 FL biopsies from 16 patients) and FL biopsies from patients with transformation (red bar; 45 FL biopsies from 25 patients) shown separately. The patients are ordered as shown in supplemental Table 1 with patient number 1 at the bottom of the diagram. Black tick marks indicate time of death. Red tick marks represent time of transformation. Circles indicate FL samples with copy number and gene expression data available, the size reflecting the magnitude of the TRIM37- and IRAK1-associated scores (left and right panel, respectively). Filled circles represent scores exceeding a threshold chosen for TRIM37- and IRAK1-associated scores separately to maximize the discrimination between patients with and without transformation (indicated with red and blue bars, respectively, at the right side of the figure). Most patients with samples showing high scores have additional samples showing low scores. Of note, in most cases the samples showing high scores precede transformation. A combination of the TRIM37- and IRAK1-associated scores resulted in improved discrimination between the cases with and without transformation (supplemental Figure 11).