![Apoptosis induced by RTD. (A) Schematic diagram of RTD synthesis. TDN indicates the complete DNA tetrahedral structure. RTM-TDN is the product of RTM conjugated to the DNA tetrahedron via click chemistry. RTD represents RTM-TDN with DOX incorporated at a 1:20 ratio. (B) The proliferation inhibition curve of SU-DHL-4 cells by RTD. (C) The proliferation inhibition curve of U2932 cells by RTD. The ratio of RTM+DOX mixture is 1:20. (D) Flow cytometry scatterplot of RTD-induced apoptosis in SU-DHL-4 cells. (E) Flow cytometry scatterplot of RTD-induced apoptosis in U2932 cells. (F) Statistical analysis of apoptosis in Q2 and Q3 from panel D. (G) Statistical analysis of apoptosis in Q2 and Q3 from panel E. The results of histogram from panels F-G are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD; n = 3; not significant [ns]; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001), compared to control group by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). (H) Western blot analysis of pro–caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 proteins. The uncropped image is displayed in the supplement Information (supplemental Figures 2 and 3). (I) Quantification of pro–caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in SU-DHL-4 cells. (J) Quantification of cleaved caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in SU-DHL-4 cells. (K) Quantification of pro–caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in U2932 cells. (L) Quantification of cleaved caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in U2932 cells. The total protein was used as the standard for normalization and processed using Image Lab software. The results of histogram from panels I-L are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3; ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001), compared to control group by 1-way ANOVA. IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration value; ns, not significant.](https://ash.silverchair-cdn.com/ash/content_public/journal/bloodadvances/9/24/10.1182_bloodadvances.2025017118/1/blooda_adv-2025-017118-gr1.jpeg?Expires=1769069979&Signature=w~N~IV9BdsOf~fe7eADtzGRiCn4Dztnd1DB1w0IIgvb9rspp9Y5BQ6HxBGS5cF8vwcPSk4ROctvVKGw0Hl7c6FZBi3n6koWHo--57bUgMziJ7nd4-IfunGsYs1KpXy2IijWQwi9BtMI048I-MefGlgU7bPTTROSfF-4rRi7AD0VJNxMVbMnCwsp4QFX~g5RGZJmFj9gDMoJqUw2s8POwQfLRIXHIUn6EfS1XjvjL85TEkxaAtGMjitqzSadsHl9fhTbkBvlcll9BrwA2dYg5iwOlI1Tkv1hKaI75RvnqW2asPIiLsrQVg1Mi~-HAic8He~nAhuDE0bdlN-i5tSr3KA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Apoptosis induced by RTD. (A) Schematic diagram of RTD synthesis. TDN indicates the complete DNA tetrahedral structure. RTM-TDN is the product of RTM conjugated to the DNA tetrahedron via click chemistry. RTD represents RTM-TDN with DOX incorporated at a 1:20 ratio. (B) The proliferation inhibition curve of SU-DHL-4 cells by RTD. (C) The proliferation inhibition curve of U2932 cells by RTD. The ratio of RTM+DOX mixture is 1:20. (D) Flow cytometry scatterplot of RTD-induced apoptosis in SU-DHL-4 cells. (E) Flow cytometry scatterplot of RTD-induced apoptosis in U2932 cells. (F) Statistical analysis of apoptosis in Q2 and Q3 from panel D. (G) Statistical analysis of apoptosis in Q2 and Q3 from panel E. The results of histogram from panels F-G are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD; n = 3; not significant [ns]; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001), compared to control group by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). (H) Western blot analysis of pro–caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 proteins. The uncropped image is displayed in the supplement Information (supplemental Figures 2 and 3). (I) Quantification of pro–caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in SU-DHL-4 cells. (J) Quantification of cleaved caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in SU-DHL-4 cells. (K) Quantification of pro–caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in U2932 cells. (L) Quantification of cleaved caspase 3 protein bands from panel H in U2932 cells. The total protein was used as the standard for normalization and processed using Image Lab software. The results of histogram from panels I-L are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3; ∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001; ∗∗∗∗P < .0001), compared to control group by 1-way ANOVA. IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration value; ns, not significant.
