MM treatment pathway. Transplant-eligible patients with NDMM receive 3 to 4 cycles of induction therapy with a triplet regimen (PI + IMiD + steroid) or a quadruplet regimen that includes an anti-CD38 mAb, followed by ASCT and maintenance therapy. Transplant-ineligible patients are treated with CD38-based triplet regimens, combining an anti-CD38 mAb, an IMiD, and a PI, followed by maintenance therapy. The maintenance phase aims to prolong remission and typically includes IMiD-based or CD38-based regimens, selected according to individual risk stratification. R/R MM treatment is divided into early and late relapse. Early relapse is treated with triplet regimens, alkylating agents, nuclear export inhibitors, or CAR-T therapy. Late relapse is managed with BCMA- or GPRC5D-targeted therapies, including CAR T cells, BsAbs, or antibody-drug conjugates. The overall goal is to achieve long-term disease control and extend survival.