Bendamustine suppresses NF-κB activity by inhibiting M1 ubiquitination. (A) Changes in NF-κB activity after treatment with etoposide, 4-OHCP, and bendamustine at parallel different concentrations in lymphoma cell lines. NF-κB activity was assessed by luciferase reporter assay. The basal NF-κB activity of each cell cocultured with L cells was set to 1, and relative changes in luciferase activity are shown in the line graphs. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM) of duplicate samples. (B) Immunoblotting for total M1 ubiquitination in the M1-TUBE enriched fraction in FL18 and FL318 cells cocultured with L cells or CD40L+ L cells and treated with different concentrations of bendamustine. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; RLU, relative luciferase unit; Ub, ubiquitin; WB, western blotting.