Prognostic performance of various scoring models for OS and LFS. The Harrell C-index values with their 95% CIs are shown for the IPSS-R, IPSS-R-CNV, IPSS-M, and IPSS-M-CNV models, highlighting their predictive accuracy. The IPSS-R-CNV and IPSS-M-CNV models incorporate CNV data obtained through NGS to complement karyotyping and refine risk stratification. The red lines represent the prognostic performance for OS, whereas the blue lines depict the performance for LFS.