TEM observation of myeloma cells treated with Abx KMS21 and KMS34 cultured with 150 μM Abx for the indicated durations (0, 12, or 48 hours). Microstructural changes in Abx-treated cells were observed by TEM. Blue arrows indicate autophagic vacuoles including autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The autophagic vacuoles per micrometer squared of 20 randomly chosen cells were counted using TEM Center software (JEOL) and are illustrated in the bar graph. Statistical significance was evaluated by Student t test. Sal, saline; Abx, ambroxol; Res, resveratrol; Baf, bafilomycin A1.