Immune modulatory activity of Dara-KRd on both conventional and unconventional T cells during induction therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), collected from 36 patients before every other cycle of induction therapy (cycle 1-7) and after induction, were evaluated by flow cytometry. (A-B) CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets (manually gated from live CD3⁺ cells) distribution, activation (% HLA-DR expression), and proliferation (CD71 MFI) assessment. (C) Conventional (CD4⁺, CD8⁺) and unconventional (CD4⁻/CD8⁻) T-cell identification through dimensional reduction analysis (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection; R export from live CD3⁺ cells). (D) Radar plots representing immunological clusters associated with treatment outcomes. (E) Mixed model analysis of immune clusters associated with depth of clinical response after Dara-KRd induction (CR/sCR vs PR/VGPR). (F) Hierarchical clustering analysis of immune clusters associated with MRD positivity. For the immune analysis MRD positivity is defined as detectable MRD at the highest level of sensitivity by either NGS or NGF (MRD positive vs MRD negative). The red box indicates immunotypes enriched for patients with MRD negativity. (G) Mixed model analysis of immune clusters and T-cell fitness markers (LAG3) associated MRD status after induction; P values indicate time × MRD status interaction. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.