Timeline illustrating known risk factors for CVEs in SCD from childhood onward. Red boxes indicate risk factors; blue boxes indicate evidence-based management strategies; black text outside boxes indicates suggested screening; green boxes indicate population-based strategies for education to improve compliance with screening and evidence-based management strategies, closure of the audit loop if these strategies fail and stroke occurs, and research priorities to reduce stroke risk long term. MCA, middle cerebral artery; CBF(V), cerebral blood flow (velocity); MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SCI, silent cerebral infarction; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; STOP-BANG, online questionnaire Snoring? Tired? Observed? Pressure? Body Mass Index >35 kg/m²? Age? Neck circumference? Gender = male?; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C (glycated hemoglobin); ECG, electrocardiogram; ECHO, echocardiography; L, left; R, right. Professional illustration by Patrick Lane, ScEYEnce Studios.