Proposed applications of in vitro-produced platelets. Stem cells (human-derived HSCs, iPSCs, and ESCs) are differentiated into MKs. During culture, stem cells or derived MKs can be genetically modified to modulate expression of key genes. Subsequently, native or genetically modified MKs may be used to generate platelets tailored for specific therapeutic purposes. The uses of these in vitro–derived platelets include cell-based therapies, transfusion medicine, and targeted drug delivery for a range of clinical issues including thrombocytopenia, ischemic and inflammatory conditions, enhanced tissue repair, and targeting processes in cancer development. ESCs, embryonic stem cells; HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells. Figure created with BioRender.com.