Risk of mortality with CHIP. Forest plots of studies reporting the risk of all-cause mortality (A) and cause-specific mortality (B). Boxes are drawn proportional to the weight of the individual study in the meta-analysis, and horizontal lines represent 95% CI values. The summary estimate is shown by the diamond, and the width of this corresponds to the 95% CI. The vertical line indicates an OR/HR of 1 (ie, no association). The horizontal axis is plotted on a log scale; therefore, the CIs are symmetrical. N represents the total number of participants in the study.