Therapeutic DSF protects mice from TMA, AKI, and ischemic infarction. (A) Illustration of the experimental design. WT mice were administered DSF (50 mg/kg) or vehicle 3 hours after CC-induced TMA in the kidney. Mice were euthanized and analyzed 24 hours surgery. (B) Representative immunohistochemical images of αSMA and fibrin staining of the interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries in TMA kidneys. (C) Quantification of arterial obstruction (n = 3-4 per group). (D) GFR at baseline and 24 hours after focal TMA induction (n = 4 per group). (E) Representative images of TTC staining of TMA (left) and sham (contralateral right) kidneys. The red areas indicate living kidney tissue, whereas the white areas indicate infarcted kidney tissue. (F) Quantification of the kidney infarct size (n = 4 per group). (G) Representative images of PAS staining of TMA kidneys. (H) Quantification of tubular injury (n = 4 per group). (I) Representative gating of flow cytometric analysis for the quantification of neutrophils (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Ly6G⁺) and monocytes (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Ly6C⁺) in the blood and kidney after focal TMA induction. (J-K) Percentage of neutrophils among CD45⁺ cells (J) and their absolute number (K) in the blood from healthy mice (n = 10) and focal TMA mice (n = 4 per group). (L-M) Percentage of neutrophils among CD45⁺ cells (L) and their absolute number (M) in TMA kidneys (n = 3-4 per group). (N) Absolute number of NETing neutrophils (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Ly6G⁺ CitH3⁺) in TMA kidneys (n = 4 per group) as determined by flow cytometry. Scale bars: for panels B,G, 20 μm and for panel E, 4 mm. The data represent mean ± SD. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, and ∗∗∗P < .001 using 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparisons test for panel C, or 1-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test for panels D,F,H,J-N.