Effect of empagliflozin on phagocytosis and NETosis. (A-C) The phagocytic activity of freshly isolated neutrophils was determined in the 7 patients with GSD1b and 11 healthy donors at 3 time points using pH-sensitive particles of S aureus: (A) median ± quartiles of phagocytosis (fluorescence units) for the patients and controls, and (B) the individual profiles. (C) Spearman correlation analysis between plasma 1,5-AG concentration and neutrophil phagocytosis. (D-F) NET production determined by the quantification of extracellular DNA before and after PMA stimulation: (D) median ± quartiles of NETosis induction for the patients and controls, and (E) the individual profiles. (F) Spearman correlation analysis between plasma 1,5-AG concentration and neutrophil NETosis. (G) Representative confocal images of NETosis based on the labeling of DNA (blue) and neutrophil elastase (pink). The scale bar represents 20 μM, and white arrows indicate NETs structures. Statistically significant differences between patients and healthy controls (black) were determined by ordinary 1-way ANOVA for unpaired data, whereas mixed-effect analysis for paired data was used to compare values at 3 and 12 months after the start of empagliflozin treatment with values obtained before the start of treatment (blue). For clarity, only P values <.5 are shown.