Single-cell analysis of immune cells among patients with SS before and after the combination treatment with anti-CCR4 and IFN-α2a. (A) Representative clinical images at baseline and 14 weeks after initiating dual therapy with IFN- α2a and mogamulizumab. (B) Kinetics of peripheral immune cells for the indicated time relative after initiating dual therapy. (C) UMAP representations of integrated single-cell transcriptomes derived from the peripheral blood before and after treatment with anti-CCR4 and IFN-α2a. (D) Bar plots of the proportion of each cluster identified in panel B before and after treatment with anti-CCR4 and IFN-α2a. (E) Box plots comparing enrichment scores for the indicated phenotype among CD4 T cells before and after treatment with anti-CCR4 and IFN-α2a. Center line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles. (F) Log-normalized expression of the indicated genes among monocytes before and after treatment with anti-CCR4 and IFN-α2a. (G) Single-cell trajectory plot showing lineage relationships among monocytes before and after treatment with anti-CCR4 and IFN-α2a using the Monocle algorithm. ns, nonsignificant.