BN-CD38 eradicates both CD38⁺ and CD38⁻ AML cells including LSCs. BN-CD38 binding to CD3 on T cells and CD38 on AML blasts results in engagement and activation T cells leading to eradication of CD38⁺ AML blasts and release of cytokines, including IFN-γ. Binding of released IFN-γ to IFN-γR on the surface of CD38-negative (CD38neg) LSCs induces expression of CD38, allowing for cell killing by engagement of T cells directed by BN-CD38. IFN-γR, interferon gamma receptor. Created with BioRender.com.