Identification of molecular pathway and pharmacological compounds that regulate PD-L1 expression in ATLL and proposal for a novel combined therapy. PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; NEDD8, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 8; NAE1, NEDD8-activating enzyme; UBA3, ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3; CUL3, cullin 3; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. The graphs are reproduced from Figure 7G-H in the article by Chiba et al that begins on page 1379.