Complications of NTDT compared with those of TDT. The prevalence of clinical morbidities in TDT and NTDT is based on observational studies. The figure illustrates those complications that are observed at a higher prevalence in NTDT or TDT, although all mentioned complications can manifest in both entities. The prominence of uncontrolled ineffective erythropoiesis in the absence of transfusion therapy mediates a distinctive constellation of complications related to chronic anemia, hypercoagulability, and iron overload in NTDT. EMH, extramedullary hematopoiesis; LV, left ventricular; RV, right ventricular. Figure created with BioRender.