Restriction of BCAA inhibits self-renewal of human AML and ALL cells. (A) The schema for serial xenotransplantation experiments. The primary recipients were fed the BCAA-free or control diet for 5 to 7 weeks, and all secondary recipients were fed the control diet for 8 to 15 weeks. (B) Frequencies of human CD45⁺ AML cells and CD34⁺ immature leukemia cells in the bone marrow of secondary recipients that were transplanted with hCD34⁺ AML (PDX AML3) harvested from the first recipients with or without BCAA restriction (C) Frequencies of human CD45⁺ ALL cells in the bone marrow of secondary recipients transplanted with hCD34⁺ ALL cells harvested from the first recipients with or without the dietary restriction of BCAA (PDX ALL3 and PDX ALL4). ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001.