Model diagram for analysis comparing second-line CAR-T vs SOC therapy and modeled Kaplan-Meier curves. (A) Patients remain in the same state for all states if they are not transitioning to another state in the model. Patients in the second-line CAR-T arm receive CAR-T (axi-cel) and then enter remission if they achieve a complete response. If they do not respond or relapse, they receive salvage chemoimmunotherapy in the third-line setting. In the SOC arm, patients receive salvage chemoimmunotherapy, and if they have a complete or partial response, they proceed to auto-SCT. If they do not respond to relapse after auto-SCT, they proceed to third-line CAR-T. Patients who progress after third-line therapy are considered to have poor prognosis, low quality of life, and high costs. (B) Model diagram for analysis comparing second-line CAR-T in all patients with RR-DLBCL vs second-line CAR-T in only primary refractory/early relapse patients (with late relapse patients receiving SOC therapy). Patients who are primary refractory/early relapse are labeled high risk, and patients who have a late relapse are labeled as low risk. On the right side of this diagram, all patients receive CAR-T in the second-line setting, and if they fail to respond or relapse, they receive third-line salvage chemoimmunotherapy. On the left side, high-risk patients receive second-line CAR-T (using the ZUMA-7 outcomes), and low-risk patients receive SOC therapy (using results from CORAL). High-risk patients who do not respond or progress receive salvage chemoimmunotherapy, while low-risk patients who progress receive third-line CAR-T. Patients who progress after third-line therapy are considered to have a poor prognosis, low quality of life, and high costs. (C) Modeled OS for axi-cel and SOC in primary refractory/early relapse DLBCL. (D) Modeled EFS for axi-cel and SOC in primary refractory/early relapse DLBCL. chemo, chemoimmunotherapy; pts, patients.