Anti–SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in patients who received CAR T-cell therapy. Patients after CAR T-cell therapy (CAR⇛VAC), before (pre), and 1 to 2 months (M1/2), and 3 to 7 months (M3-7) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and patients after vaccination (VAC⇛CAR), before and 1 to 2 months (M1/2), and 3 to 7 months (M3-7) after CAR T-cell therapy were analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. Convalescent patients (n = 15, open square) and HCs after vaccination (HC VAC, n = 15, circles) were used as controls. (A) Graph shows the humoral response with anti-spike IgG (left) and neutralizing antibody activity (right). (B) Cellular response to anti-spike (left) and antinucleocapsid–specific T cells (right) is graphed. Individual patients were interconnected; dotted line depicts the cutoff for positivity as indicated in the “Methods.” Square symbols were used for patients after a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Box plots depict the 75th percentile, median, and 25th percentile values, and whiskers represent maximum and minimum values. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001. AU, arbitrary units; BAU, binding antibody units; ns, not significant.