Association among high RARA expression, monocytic features, MES, and ex vivo venetoclax resistance. Colors denote FAB status, gray indicates unknown. (A) High RARA expression (RARA-high) identifies a population of patients with AML that is enriched for high monocytic gene expression (MES, y-axis) in the TCGA and Beat AML databases. P values by Fisher exact test. Monocytic: MES > 0.5. (B) RARA expression (left, y-axis) and MES (right, y-axis) are associated with venetoclax resistance ex vivo, quantified as area under the dose-response curve (AUC, x-axis). Plots show Spearman correlation (ρ) of normalized RARA expression or MES vs venetoclax response across 90 AML primary cultures (Beat AML).¹⁷ M0, undifferentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia; M1, acute myeloblastic leukemia with minimal maturation; M2, acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation; M4, acute myelomonocytic leukemia; M5, acute monocytic leukemia.