Shear rates after puncture of a human median cubital vein. (A) Schema of the human vessel puncture model using a catheter. (B) The dot plots show the mean blood flow velocities through the catheter after puncture of the median cubital vein with a 22-gauge (diameter = 0.41 mm) or 24-gauge (diameter = 0.31 mm) needle. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and individual symbols represent individual donors. (C) The dot plots show the shear rates at the edge of the wound calculated with Poiseuille’s equation for puncture of the median cubital vein with a 22- or 24-gauge needle. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and individual symbols represent individual donors. (D) Schema of the hybrid computational model of blood flow in the intact and injured venous network of the human arm. The intact vessels are represented as rectangles with the following abbreviations: av, axillary vein; brvr, brachial vein divided into 2 radial veins; brvu, brachial vein divided into 2 ulnar veins; bvl, lower part of the basilic vein; bvu, upper part of the basilic vein; cvl, lower part of the cephalic vein; cvu, upper part of the cephalic vein; rv₁, radial vein 1; rv₂, radial vein 2; sv, subclavian vein; uv₁, ulnar vein 1; uv₂, ulnar vein 2. The damaged median cubital vein is represented in 3D geometry. (E) The curves show the maximum shear rate at the edge of the wound calculated with the hybrid model for experiments with and without a catheter, as a function of the diameter of the injury. Individual symbols represent individual simulations. (F) Schema of the murine carotid artery puncture model with a catheter. (G) The dot plot shows the shear rates at the edge of the wound calculated with Poiseuille’s equation. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and individual symbols represent individual mice.