Exogenous NOD1L treatment can rescue hematopoietic progenitor defects of mice on antibiotic therapy. (A) Treatment strategy of NOD1L treatment with mice euthanized (EU) at the end of VNAM treatment. (B) Bone marrow progenitors were measured from WT or Stat1^−/− mice that received either 2 weeks of mock treatment or VNAM as well as NOD1L (100 µg) or NOD2 agonist (300 µg) as control on the second week every 2 to 3 days. Ifitm3 (C) and Stat1 (D) gene expression of cKit⁺ cells harvested using Auto-MACS from mice that received either 2 weeks of mock treatment or VNAM as well as NOD1L (100 µg) or NOD2 agonist (300 µg) as control on the second week every 2 to 3 days as quantified with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results are representative of 3 independent experiments (n = 4-6 per group; panel B) or compiled from 2 independent experiments (n = 4-8 mice per group; panels C and D). Graphs show mean ± SEM, with statistical significance determined by two-way analysis of variance with Šidák’s multiple comparisons test (panel B) or one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (panels C and D). *P < .05, **P < .01, n.s., not significant.