Rituximab-era prospective studies. Sm-IPI factors: elevated LDH, age > 60, nonbulky stage II, and ECOG 2. aaIPI 0: normal LDH, ECOG 0-1, stage I or II. aaIPI, age-adjusted IPI; chemo, chemotherapy; DHSNHL, German High Grade NHL study group; GLA, German Lymphoma Alliance; LYSA/GOELAMS, Lymphoma Study Association/French Acute Leukaemia and Blood Diseases West-East Group; PET-neg, negative PET scan; PET-pos, positive PET scan; RCT, randomized control trial. *Control arm of study. ^#Difference is not statistically significant.