Differential gene expression between AML samples associated with short vs long EFS. (A) Volcano plot showing DEGs with genes downregulated (log2FC<0) and upregulated (log2FC>0), respectively, in diagnosis samples associated with short EFS compared with long EFS-associated diagnosis samples. Highly ranked genes are highlighted in dark gray (P < .05; |log2FC|>1), with GLI2, IL1R1, and ST18 highlighted in blue. Visualization and underlying statistical calculations were performed by using Qlucore Omics Explorer version 3.6. (B) Scatter plots with mean and SD illustrating the log2-transformed, TMM-normalized expression values in samples associated with short vs long EFS for GLI2, IL1R1, and ST18. Applied statistical test, Mann-Whitney test. Samples highlighted in orange in the scatter plot illustrating ST18 harbor an inversion on chromosome 16, leading to a CBFB-MYH11 gene fusion. (C) Kaplan-Meier plots showing 5-year OS for cases with low expression (blue lines) and high expression (red lines) of GLI2, IL1R1, and ST18 at diagnosis. The average expression value for the respective gene over all samples included in the analysis was used to discretize between low and high expression. P values were calculated by using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. (D) GO analysis of DEGs between short vs long EFS-associated samples. GO terms presented above the x-axis are enriched among genes upregulated in samples associated with short EFS, whereas pathways below the x-axis are enriched among downregulated genes. Short EFS was considered as <0.5 year for adults and <1.0 year for pediatric patients. Supplemental Table 10A presents details regarding samples included in this figure, supplemental Table 11 presents details for all DEGs, and supplemental Table 13 presents details regarding statistical results associated with panel C. *False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.25, **FDR < 0.1, ***FDR < 0.05 (Benjamini-Hochberg correction). #GLI2, $IL1R1. SD, standard deviation.