Flowchart of different strategies for first-line therapies. *Some patients underwent ASCT at relapse rather than front line, according to the protocol. ^#Fourteen patients did not undergo ASCT for the following reasons: front-line allo-HSCT (n = 3), progressive disease or early death (n = 3), persistent CR/VGPR after first-line therapy (n = 2), collection failure (n = 1), severe renal impairment (n = 1), and unknown (n = 4). PI refers to bortezomib; IMID refers to either thalidomide or lenalidomide. DCEP, doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide + etoposide + prednisone; MD, missing data; PAD, bortezomib + Adriamycin (doxorubicin) + dexamethasone; TD, thalidomide + dexamethasone; VAD, vincristine + Adriamycin + dexamethasone; VCD, bortezomib + cyclophosphamide + dexamethasone; VD, bortezomib + dexamethasone; VRD, bortezomib + lenalidomide + dexamethasone; VTD, bortezomib + thalidomide + dexamethasone.