Effect of the novel missense variants in a CHO cellular model. Distribution of (A) transfected wild-type β1-tubulin, mutants p.260Ser, p.107Pro, p.359Trp, and p.269Asp and (B) mutant p.109Glu (in a different set of experiments), in transfected CHO cells by immunostaining for β1- (green) and α-tubulin (red). (C) Microtubule length in CHO cells transfected with wild-type or mutant β1-tubulin was assessed using ImageJ software. All β1-tubulin mutants resulted in significantly shorter microtubules. All images were acquired with a Carl Zeiss Axio Observer A1 fluorescence microscope with a 63× objective lens. Scale bars are 20 μm. Data are means ± SD of values obtained from at least 10 different microscopy fields. *P < .05; **P < .005.