Tamibarotene-induced gene expression changes in a RARA SE+ pAML sample consistent with retinoid-differentiating effect. (A) Tamibarotene-induced gene expression changes from RNA-seq in p401 after 24 hours of tamibarotene treatment (100 nM, n = 4 biologic replicates), with significance determined by a Log2FC cutoff of 1 to −1 and a P value <.05. (B) Row-normalized expression of the top 50 most differentially regulated genes in panel A defined by absolute Log2FC. (C-D) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of significant genes from panel B, with (C) being a quantitative comparison of all gene sets available from the molecular signature database (MSigDB) by gene set enrichment analysis for tamibarotene-treated p401 cells. Data are presented as a scatterplot of the false discovery rate (FDR) vs normalized enrichment score (NES) for each evaluated gene set. Red indicates significant sets based on an FDR cutoff <0.05. (D) Plot of the running sum for the most enriched retinoid gene set within the tamibarotene-treated p401 data set, including the normalized enrichment score and the leading-edge subset of enriched genes. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.