Venetoclax rapidly and directly increases cytotoxicity of T cells against AML. (A) DNT (top panels) and T_conv cells (bottom panels) were untreated or treated with venetoclax (100 nM and 400 nM) for 4 hours, 18 hours, and 3 days. Subsequently, their cytotoxicity against OCI-AML2 was determined. Data represent the mean ± standard error of the mean of results from 4 different donor T cells. (B-C) Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of T-cell activation markers, CD25 and CD69 (B), activation molecules, NKG2D and DNAM-1 (C) measured on DNTs untreated or treated with venetoclax (400 nM) for 18 hours. (D-E) DNT and T_conv cells untreated or treated with venetoclax (100 nM or 400 nM) for 4 hours. Subsequently, their viability (D) and frequency of T-cell memory subsets (E) were determined. Data represent the mean ± SEM of results from 4 different donor T cells. (F-G) Expression of CD25 (F) and NKG2D (G) of T cells obtained from 4 patients with AML before and at day 4 of venetoclax and azacytidine treatment. Student t test or 1-way analysis of variance was used for statistics. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001; ****P < .0001.