Characteristics of the studies describing the RAMs developed using consensus approaches
| First author, year (quality score by authors of SR) . | Reference systematic review . | Study type . | Literature search and methods used . | Target population (sample size) . | Outcome . | Model . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caprini RAM | ||||||
| Caprini et al, 2001 (64%)24 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search ND; Consensus | VTE prophylaxis among medical and surgical patients | Symptomatic VTE; diagnosis, ND, varied among studies | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Abdel- Razeq et al, 2010 (ND)21 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Medically ill hospitalized cancer patients (n = 606) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis in systematic review) | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2012 (ND)36 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2014 (ND)35 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Cohen RAM | ||||||
| Cohen et al, 2005 (71%)25 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search ND (2004 = latest literature included); consensus per literature review result | VTE prophylaxis among acutely ill medical patients in hospital | Symptomatic VTE diagnosis, ND, varied among studies | Flowchart; no validation performed |
| Samama RAM | ||||||
| Samama et al, 2006 (63%)30 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search through 2002 (assess efficacy and effectiveness in combination with structured, quantitative techniques for incorporating the judgement of expert clinicians to produce appropriateness assessments for clinical conditions); RAND/UCLA appropriateness method to develop the risk matrix | VTE prophylaxis among medical and surgical patients (pregnancy excluded) | Symptomatic VTE diagnosis, ND, varied among studies | Low/moderate/high/ very high grid case validation |
| Rocha RAM | ||||||
| Rocha et al, 2007 (77%)37 | Huang et al | Development | Systematic review search through 8/2004, RCT/cohort/case-control studies with at least 10 subjects evaluating risk factors or efficacy of prophylactic methods (LDUH, LMWH, mechanical) for VTE; classification of level of evidence per AHA/ACC/ESC guidelines for the management of patients | VTE prophylaxis among acutely ill medical patients in hospital | Symptomatic VTE; diagnosis, ND, varied Among studies | Flowchart; no validation performed |
| McCaffrey RAM | ||||||
| McCaffrey et al, 2007 (48%)26 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search, 2000-2005 (OVID, ELSEVIER, CINAHL, Web of science); local hospitals and hospitals within the HCA network were asked to share DVT risk-assessment tools (total 15); consensus per literature review result | VTE prophylaxis among all hospitalized patients | Symptomatic DVT; diagnosis, ND | Checklist with scores case validation (72 cases; 72 controls) ANOVA test used to compare the risk scores in 2 groups; Student t test used for each individual measure Interrater reliability measured (3 nurses; 144 charts at 32 different times) |
| Kucher RAM | ||||||
| Woller et al, 2011 (ND)33 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Medical patients (n = 143 975 [DC]; n =46 846 [VC]) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2012 (ND)36 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Kucher et al, 2005 (ND)39 | Stuck et al | Development and impact study | A single center randomized trial where a computer-alert program was implemented to identify hospitalized patients at risk of VTE and assess impact on VTE and prophylaxis rates. | Hospitalized patients | VTE | Computer-alert program |
| Baroletti et al, 2008 (ND)40 | Stuck et al | Impact study | A prospective cohort study where electronic alerts were implemented to identify hospitalized patients at high risk of VTE not receiving prophylaxis | Hospitalized patients | VTE | Electronic alerts |
| Padua RAM | ||||||
| Barbar et al, 2010 (ND)23 | Stuck et al | Development | Empirically generated based on consensus approaches, published data, and clinical expertise | Hospitalized medical patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2012 (ND)36 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Vardi et al, 2013 (ND)38 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Patients with sepsis admitted to internal medicine department | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2014 (ND)35 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Nendaz et al, 2014 (ND)27 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used to test the Padua prediction score that was developed through integration of additional empirically gained risk factors to the Kucher model | Acutely ill medical patients (characteristics ND) (n = 1478) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Rossetto et al, 2013 (ND)41 | Stuck et al | Impact study | Physician compliance using Padua RAM in preventing VTE | Hospitalized medical patients | VTE | Risk-stratification score |
| Geneva RAM | ||||||
| Chopard et al, 2006 (not described in the systematic reviews)42 | — | Development | Not described in the systematic reviews | Not described in the systematic reviews | Not described in the systematic reviews | Not described in the systematic reviews |
| Nendaz et al, 2014 (ND)27 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used to test the Geneva risk score that was developed based on VTE prevention trials identified (search and search date ND) and recommendations from the ACCP guidelines | Acutely ill medical patients (characteristics ND) (n = 1478) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score; validated |
| Nendaz et al, 2010 (ND)43 | Stuck et al | Impact study | A multicenter trial that implemented an e-Alert system with integration of the Geneva RAM | Acutely ill medical patients | VTE | Electronic alerts and integrated RAMs |
| First author, year (quality score by authors of SR) . | Reference systematic review . | Study type . | Literature search and methods used . | Target population (sample size) . | Outcome . | Model . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caprini RAM | ||||||
| Caprini et al, 2001 (64%)24 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search ND; Consensus | VTE prophylaxis among medical and surgical patients | Symptomatic VTE; diagnosis, ND, varied among studies | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Abdel- Razeq et al, 2010 (ND)21 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Medically ill hospitalized cancer patients (n = 606) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis in systematic review) | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2012 (ND)36 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2014 (ND)35 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Checklist with risk-stratification score |
| Cohen RAM | ||||||
| Cohen et al, 2005 (71%)25 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search ND (2004 = latest literature included); consensus per literature review result | VTE prophylaxis among acutely ill medical patients in hospital | Symptomatic VTE diagnosis, ND, varied among studies | Flowchart; no validation performed |
| Samama RAM | ||||||
| Samama et al, 2006 (63%)30 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search through 2002 (assess efficacy and effectiveness in combination with structured, quantitative techniques for incorporating the judgement of expert clinicians to produce appropriateness assessments for clinical conditions); RAND/UCLA appropriateness method to develop the risk matrix | VTE prophylaxis among medical and surgical patients (pregnancy excluded) | Symptomatic VTE diagnosis, ND, varied among studies | Low/moderate/high/ very high grid case validation |
| Rocha RAM | ||||||
| Rocha et al, 2007 (77%)37 | Huang et al | Development | Systematic review search through 8/2004, RCT/cohort/case-control studies with at least 10 subjects evaluating risk factors or efficacy of prophylactic methods (LDUH, LMWH, mechanical) for VTE; classification of level of evidence per AHA/ACC/ESC guidelines for the management of patients | VTE prophylaxis among acutely ill medical patients in hospital | Symptomatic VTE; diagnosis, ND, varied Among studies | Flowchart; no validation performed |
| McCaffrey RAM | ||||||
| McCaffrey et al, 2007 (48%)26 | Huang et al | Development | Literature search, 2000-2005 (OVID, ELSEVIER, CINAHL, Web of science); local hospitals and hospitals within the HCA network were asked to share DVT risk-assessment tools (total 15); consensus per literature review result | VTE prophylaxis among all hospitalized patients | Symptomatic DVT; diagnosis, ND | Checklist with scores case validation (72 cases; 72 controls) ANOVA test used to compare the risk scores in 2 groups; Student t test used for each individual measure Interrater reliability measured (3 nurses; 144 charts at 32 different times) |
| Kucher RAM | ||||||
| Woller et al, 2011 (ND)33 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Medical patients (n = 143 975 [DC]; n =46 846 [VC]) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2012 (ND)36 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Kucher et al, 2005 (ND)39 | Stuck et al | Development and impact study | A single center randomized trial where a computer-alert program was implemented to identify hospitalized patients at risk of VTE and assess impact on VTE and prophylaxis rates. | Hospitalized patients | VTE | Computer-alert program |
| Baroletti et al, 2008 (ND)40 | Stuck et al | Impact study | A prospective cohort study where electronic alerts were implemented to identify hospitalized patients at high risk of VTE not receiving prophylaxis | Hospitalized patients | VTE | Electronic alerts |
| Padua RAM | ||||||
| Barbar et al, 2010 (ND)23 | Stuck et al | Development | Empirically generated based on consensus approaches, published data, and clinical expertise | Hospitalized medical patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2012 (ND)36 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Vardi et al, 2013 (ND)38 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Patients with sepsis admitted to internal medicine department | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Zhou et al, 2014 (ND)35 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used | Hospitalized Chinese patients | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Nendaz et al, 2014 (ND)27 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used to test the Padua prediction score that was developed through integration of additional empirically gained risk factors to the Kucher model | Acutely ill medical patients (characteristics ND) (n = 1478) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score |
| Rossetto et al, 2013 (ND)41 | Stuck et al | Impact study | Physician compliance using Padua RAM in preventing VTE | Hospitalized medical patients | VTE | Risk-stratification score |
| Geneva RAM | ||||||
| Chopard et al, 2006 (not described in the systematic reviews)42 | — | Development | Not described in the systematic reviews | Not described in the systematic reviews | Not described in the systematic reviews | Not described in the systematic reviews |
| Nendaz et al, 2014 (ND)27 | Stuck et al | External validation | Validation cohort used to test the Geneva risk score that was developed based on VTE prevention trials identified (search and search date ND) and recommendations from the ACCP guidelines | Acutely ill medical patients (characteristics ND) (n = 1478) | VTE (location, definition and diagnosis ND in systematic review) | Risk-stratification score; validated |
| Nendaz et al, 2010 (ND)43 | Stuck et al | Impact study | A multicenter trial that implemented an e-Alert system with integration of the Geneva RAM | Acutely ill medical patients | VTE | Electronic alerts and integrated RAMs |
ACC, American College of Cardiology; ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; AHA, American Heart Association; ANOVA, analysis of variance; DC, derivation cohort; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; HCA, Hospital Corporation of America; LDUH, low-dose unfractionated heparin; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; VC, validation cohort.