Table 2.

Proposed risk stratification schemes to predict bleeding in patients with VTE

ACCP risk table3 VTE-BLEED19 Kuijer32 RIETE33 Einstein model35 Hokusai model34 Nieuwenhuis36 Score according to Seiler37 
Risk factors         
 Age     X    
 Age ≥60 y  1.5 points 1.6 points      
 Age >65 y X        
 Age >75 y X   1 point     
 WHO grade 1       1 point  
 WHO grade 2 to 3       2 points  
 Low physical activity*        2 points 
 Previous bleeding X 1.5 points     2 points 1 point 
 Recent major bleeding    2 points     
 Active cancer* X 2 points 2.2 points 1 point     
 Metastatic cancer X        
 Renal failure/insufficiency* X 1.5 points  1.5 points     
 Liver failure* X        
 Thrombocytopenia* X       1 point 
 Previous stroke X        
 Diabetes* X        
 Anemia* X 1.5 points  1.5 points  1 point  1 point 
 Hemoglobin level*     X    
 Antiplatelet therapy* X     1 point  1 point 
 Poor anticoagulant control* X       1 point 
 Comorbidity and reduced functional capacity X        
 Recent trauma or surgery X      1 point  
 Frequent falls* X        
 Alcohol abuse* X        
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug* X        
 Male patient with uncontrolled hypertension*  1 point   X    
 History of hypertension*      1 point   
 Blood pressure >160 mmHg*      1 point   
 Male patient with anemia*     X    
 History of cardiovascular disease     X    
 Body surface area <2 m2       2 points  
 Female sex   1.3 points   1 point   
 Black or Asian race     X    
 Clinically overt PE    1 point     
Risk stratification         
 Low risk 0 risk factors <2 points 0 points 0 points Model provided by the authors No threshold provided 0 to 2 points 0 to 1 points 
 Intermediate risk 1 risk factor  1.3 to 2.9 points 1 to 4 points 2 to 4 points 2 to 3 points 
 High risk ≥2 risk factors ≥2 points >2.9 points >4 points ≥5 points ≥4 points 
Bleeding event         
 Definition of major bleeding N/A ISTH major77  ≥2 g/dL drop in hemoglobin, requiring transfusion of ≥2 units of blood, intracranial or retroperitoneal location, or warranting permanent treatment discontinuation Investigator-reported overt bleeding requiring transfusion of ≥2 units of blood, intracranial or retroperitoneal or spinal location, or leading to death ISTH major77  ISTH major77  Bleeding that leads to death, to interruption of treatment, to blood transfusion, or to a decrease in hemoglobin level of >2.42 g/dL (1.5 mmol/L) ISTH major77  
 Bleeding events formally adjudicated N/A Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 
ACCP risk table3 VTE-BLEED19 Kuijer32 RIETE33 Einstein model35 Hokusai model34 Nieuwenhuis36 Score according to Seiler37 
Risk factors         
 Age     X    
 Age ≥60 y  1.5 points 1.6 points      
 Age >65 y X        
 Age >75 y X   1 point     
 WHO grade 1       1 point  
 WHO grade 2 to 3       2 points  
 Low physical activity*        2 points 
 Previous bleeding X 1.5 points     2 points 1 point 
 Recent major bleeding    2 points     
 Active cancer* X 2 points 2.2 points 1 point     
 Metastatic cancer X        
 Renal failure/insufficiency* X 1.5 points  1.5 points     
 Liver failure* X        
 Thrombocytopenia* X       1 point 
 Previous stroke X        
 Diabetes* X        
 Anemia* X 1.5 points  1.5 points  1 point  1 point 
 Hemoglobin level*     X    
 Antiplatelet therapy* X     1 point  1 point 
 Poor anticoagulant control* X       1 point 
 Comorbidity and reduced functional capacity X        
 Recent trauma or surgery X      1 point  
 Frequent falls* X        
 Alcohol abuse* X        
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug* X        
 Male patient with uncontrolled hypertension*  1 point   X    
 History of hypertension*      1 point   
 Blood pressure >160 mmHg*      1 point   
 Male patient with anemia*     X    
 History of cardiovascular disease     X    
 Body surface area <2 m2       2 points  
 Female sex   1.3 points   1 point   
 Black or Asian race     X    
 Clinically overt PE    1 point     
Risk stratification         
 Low risk 0 risk factors <2 points 0 points 0 points Model provided by the authors No threshold provided 0 to 2 points 0 to 1 points 
 Intermediate risk 1 risk factor  1.3 to 2.9 points 1 to 4 points 2 to 4 points 2 to 3 points 
 High risk ≥2 risk factors ≥2 points >2.9 points >4 points ≥5 points ≥4 points 
Bleeding event         
 Definition of major bleeding N/A ISTH major77  ≥2 g/dL drop in hemoglobin, requiring transfusion of ≥2 units of blood, intracranial or retroperitoneal location, or warranting permanent treatment discontinuation Investigator-reported overt bleeding requiring transfusion of ≥2 units of blood, intracranial or retroperitoneal or spinal location, or leading to death ISTH major77  ISTH major77  Bleeding that leads to death, to interruption of treatment, to blood transfusion, or to a decrease in hemoglobin level of >2.42 g/dL (1.5 mmol/L) ISTH major77  
 Bleeding events formally adjudicated N/A Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes 

ISTH, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis; NA, not applicable.

*

Potentially modifiable risk factors.

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