Table 1. Epidemiology of viral... | American Society of Hematology

Table 1.

Epidemiology of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).

Family	Genus	Virus	Human Disease	Transmission Routes	Reservoir	Incubation Period	Endemic Areas
Arenaviridae	Arenavirus	Guanarito	Venezuelan HF	Rodent to human, via direct contact and by aerosolization of body fluids.	Wild rodent	7-16 days	Venezuela
		Junin	Argentine HF	Same as above	Wild rodent	7-16 days	Argentina
		Machupo	Bolivian HF	Same as above	Wild rodent Calomys callosus	7-16 days	Northern Bolivia
		Sabiá	Brazilian HF	Same as above, laboratory acquired.	?Rodent	7-16 days	Brazil
		Lassa	Lassa fever	Same as above	Mastomys natalensis rodent	5-21 days	West Africa
Bunyaviridae	Phlebovirus	Rift Valley Fever	Rift Valley fever	Mosquito-borne, contact with livestock, nosocomial spread	Wild and domestic mammals	2-5 days	Sub-Saharan Africa
	Nairovirus	Crimean Congo HF	Crimean Congo HF	Hyalomma tick borne, contact with infected animals, nosocomial spread.	Hares, domestic animals, birds, ticks	3-12 days	East Europe, Africa, Middle East, China
	Hantavirus	Hantaan	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)	Rodent to human. Direct contact vs. aerosolization of rodent body fluids	Wild rodents	9-35 days	Worldwide, expecially in Asia (endemic China), Europe
	Hantavirus	Puumala	HFRS	See above	See above	9-35 days	Europe
	Hantavirus	Seoul	HFRS	See above.	See above	9-35 days	?Worldwide
	Hantavirus	Sin Nombre, New York-1, Bayou, Rio Mamore, Laguna Negra and others	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	See above	See above	7-28 days	Americas
Filoviridae	Filovirus	Ebola	Ebola HF	Unknown	Person to person Monkey to human, Nosocomial	3-16 days	Western Sub-Saharan Africa, Philippines
		Marburg	Marburg HF	Unknown	See above	3-16 days	Western Sub-Saharan Africa
Flaviviridae		Dengue (types 1-4)	Dengue HF	Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquito-borne	Monkeys, Humans	3-15 days	Worldwide. Hemorrhagic syndromes occur in Southeast Asia and Caribbean.
		Kyasanur Forest Disease	Kyasanur Forest Disease	Ixodid tick-borne	Monkeys, rodents, shrews	3-8 days	Kamataka State, India, Pakistan
		Omsk	Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever	Ixodid tick-borne, muskrats	Muskrat to human	3-8 days	Siberia
		Yellow Fever	Yellow Fever	Mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti). Amblyomma ticks (rare)	Monkeys, Humans	3-6 days	South American West and East Africa

Family	Genus	Virus	Human Disease	Transmission Routes	Reservoir	Incubation Period	Endemic Areas
Arenaviridae	Arenavirus	Guanarito	Venezuelan HF	Rodent to human, via direct contact and by aerosolization of body fluids.	Wild rodent	7-16 days	Venezuela
		Junin	Argentine HF	Same as above	Wild rodent	7-16 days	Argentina
		Machupo	Bolivian HF	Same as above	Wild rodent Calomys callosus	7-16 days	Northern Bolivia
		Sabiá	Brazilian HF	Same as above, laboratory acquired.	?Rodent	7-16 days	Brazil
		Lassa	Lassa fever	Same as above	Mastomys natalensis rodent	5-21 days	West Africa
Bunyaviridae	Phlebovirus	Rift Valley Fever	Rift Valley fever	Mosquito-borne, contact with livestock, nosocomial spread	Wild and domestic mammals	2-5 days	Sub-Saharan Africa
	Nairovirus	Crimean Congo HF	Crimean Congo HF	Hyalomma tick borne, contact with infected animals, nosocomial spread.	Hares, domestic animals, birds, ticks	3-12 days	East Europe, Africa, Middle East, China
	Hantavirus	Hantaan	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)	Rodent to human. Direct contact vs. aerosolization of rodent body fluids	Wild rodents	9-35 days	Worldwide, expecially in Asia (endemic China), Europe
	Hantavirus	Puumala	HFRS	See above	See above	9-35 days	Europe
	Hantavirus	Seoul	HFRS	See above.	See above	9-35 days	?Worldwide
	Hantavirus	Sin Nombre, New York-1, Bayou, Rio Mamore, Laguna Negra and others	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	See above	See above	7-28 days	Americas
Filoviridae	Filovirus	Ebola	Ebola HF	Unknown	Person to person Monkey to human, Nosocomial	3-16 days	Western Sub-Saharan Africa, Philippines
		Marburg	Marburg HF	Unknown	See above	3-16 days	Western Sub-Saharan Africa
Flaviviridae		Dengue (types 1-4)	Dengue HF	Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquito-borne	Monkeys, Humans	3-15 days	Worldwide. Hemorrhagic syndromes occur in Southeast Asia and Caribbean.
		Kyasanur Forest Disease	Kyasanur Forest Disease	Ixodid tick-borne	Monkeys, rodents, shrews	3-8 days	Kamataka State, India, Pakistan
		Omsk	Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever	Ixodid tick-borne, muskrats	Muskrat to human	3-8 days	Siberia
		Yellow Fever	Yellow Fever	Mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti). Amblyomma ticks (rare)	Monkeys, Humans	3-6 days	South American West and East Africa