Congenital

• Mutant high oxygen affinity hemoglobin

• Congenital low 2,3-DPG

• Autonomous high erythropoietin production

Acquired

• Arterial hypoxemia

  • High altitude

  • Cyanotic congenital heart disease

  • Chronic lung disease

• Other causes of impaired tissue oxygen delivery

  • Smoking

• Renal lesions

  • Renal tumours

  • Cysts

  • Diffuse parenchymal disease

  • Hydronephrosis

  • Renal artery stenosis

  • Renal transplantation

• Endocrine lesions

  • Adrenal tumors

• Miscellaneous tumours

  • Cerebellar hemangioblastoma

  • Uterine fibroids

  • Bronchial carcinoma

• Drugs

  • Androgens

• Hepatic lesions

  • Hepatoma

  • Cirrhosis

  • Hepatitis