T cells from CLL patients were expanded using autologous, native, unpulsed CLL cells as APCs. IFN-γ—ELISPOT assays were performed on days 14 or 21 with autologous, native CLL cells as APCs. HLA-A0201 binding fibromodulin-derived peptides (mix of all 4 peptides: F1-4) were added to obtain the number of fibromodulin-specific spots. Coincubation of native CLL cells with DMSO and autologous T cells served as negative controls, and the number of spots detected were subtracted from the experimental values. Given are the numbers of fibromodulin-specific spots per 100 000 T cells. HLA-A0201—negative CLL cells (n = 2) overexpressing fibromodulin and nonmalignant cells, for instance, PBMCs (n = 3), or tonsillar B cells (n = 2) from HLA-A0201—positive healthy donors were not recognized specifically. The precursor T-cell frequency was investigated by coincubation of native CLL cells and unstimulated autologous T cells together with the individual fibromodulin-derived peptides.