Table 1. Summary of marrow-derived cell... | American Society of Hematology

Table 1.

Summary of marrow-derived cell plasticity studies

Tissue of origin	Tissue formed	In vivo	In vitro	Donor marker	Function	Reference
BM	Muscle	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	43
	—	+	−	Genomic sequence, dystrophin	−	45
	—	+	−	Dystrophin, Y chromosome	−	44
	—	+	−	GFP	−	46
BM	Brain (neurons and macroglia)	+	−	Retroviral marking, Y chromosome	−	2
	—	+	−	GFP	−	3,47
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	48
	—	+	−	Human specific in xenogeneic background	−	23
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H⁴
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	±	R⁵²
	—	−	+	NA	−	H⁵
BM	Liver	+	−	Y chromosome	−	R²⁶
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase, FAH	+	32
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	27
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H^29,33
	—	+	−	Human specific in xenogeneic background	−	HX^6,7
	—	+	−	Y chromosome, C3 antigen	±	R⁸
	—	−	+	NA	−	R⁹
	—	−	+	NA	−	H¹⁰
	—	+	+	Human specific in xenogeneic background	−	HX¹¹
BM	Cardiac myocytes	+	−	GFP	±	38
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	12
Circulating cells	Cardiac myocytes	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H⁴⁰
BM KTLS	Purkinje neuron	+	−	GFP	−	83
BM KTLS	Liver	+	−	GFP	−	83
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase, FAH	+	32
BM	Kidney	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H⁵⁵
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	+	59
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase, Y	−	13
BM	GI	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H^33,68
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	14
BM	Lung	+	−	Y chromosome	−	15
BM	Skin	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H^33,66
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	14
	—	+	−	GFP	−	67
MSC	Lung	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	64
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	+	15
MSC	Neuronal cells	−	+	NA	−	16,17
	—	+	−	BrdU	−	18
	—	−	+^*	NA	±	H¹⁹
	—	+	−	GFP	−	HX²⁰
BM MAPC	Blood	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	Lung	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	Skin	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	GI	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	Liver	−	+†	NA	+	21
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19

Tissue of origin	Tissue formed	In vivo	In vitro	Donor marker	Function	Reference
BM	Muscle	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	43
	—	+	−	Genomic sequence, dystrophin	−	45
	—	+	−	Dystrophin, Y chromosome	−	44
	—	+	−	GFP	−	46
BM	Brain (neurons and macroglia)	+	−	Retroviral marking, Y chromosome	−	2
	—	+	−	GFP	−	3,47
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	48
	—	+	−	Human specific in xenogeneic background	−	23
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H⁴
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	±	R⁵²
	—	−	+	NA	−	H⁵
BM	Liver	+	−	Y chromosome	−	R²⁶
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase, FAH	+	32
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	27
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H^29,33
	—	+	−	Human specific in xenogeneic background	−	HX^6,7
	—	+	−	Y chromosome, C3 antigen	±	R⁸
	—	−	+	NA	−	R⁹
	—	−	+	NA	−	H¹⁰
	—	+	+	Human specific in xenogeneic background	−	HX¹¹
BM	Cardiac myocytes	+	−	GFP	±	38
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	12
Circulating cells	Cardiac myocytes	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H⁴⁰
BM KTLS	Purkinje neuron	+	−	GFP	−	83
BM KTLS	Liver	+	−	GFP	−	83
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase, FAH	+	32
BM	Kidney	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H⁵⁵
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	+	59
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase, Y	−	13
BM	GI	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H^33,68
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	14
BM	Lung	+	−	Y chromosome	−	15
BM	Skin	+	−	Y chromosome	−	H^33,66
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	−	14
	—	+	−	GFP	−	67
MSC	Lung	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	64
	—	+	−	Y chromosome	+	15
MSC	Neuronal cells	−	+	NA	−	16,17
	—	+	−	BrdU	−	18
	—	−	+^*	NA	±	H¹⁹
	—	+	−	GFP	−	HX²⁰
BM MAPC	Blood	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	Lung	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	Skin	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	GI	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19
BM MAPC	Liver	−	+†	NA	+	21
	—	+	−	β-galactosidase	−	19

All data are from mouse unless otherwise indicated. Not included in this table are reports of BM-derived cells differentiating into cells of the endothelium, mesangium, bone, fat, or cartilage. For in vitro assays, cell-type-specific markers were assessed using either RT-PCR or antibody staining. It is unknown whether the cells produced in vitro are functional. Note that no mechanism is implied by this listing. Findings may be attributed to direct differentiation of BM-derived cells, indirect differentiation, fusion, or a combination of these mechanisms.

BM indicates bone marrow; BrdU, 5-bromodeoxyuridine; R, rat; H, human; X, xenogeneic transplantation of human cells into mice or rats; KTLS, Lin⁻kit⁺Sca⁺Thy1^lo; NA, not applicable; and Function, study showed that the cells are functional.

In vitro electrophysiological studies were performed.

†

In vitro urea metabolism was assessed.

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