Genes differentially expressed in HUVECs stimulated with Stxs
. | . | . | Fold change . | . | . | . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional category . | . | GB Acc. no. . | Stx1 . | . | Stx2 . | . | . | |||
| . | Gene symbol . | . | 4 h . | 24 h . | 4 h . | 24 h . | Putative function . | |||
| General metabolism | EPB41 | M61733 | — | 4.7 | — | — | Protein 4.1 is a major structural element of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It plays a key role in regulating physical properties of membranes such as mechanical stability and deformability by stabilizing spectrin-actin interactions. Binds with a high affinity to glycophorin and with lower affinity to bandprotein. | |||
| GPX4 | AC005390 | — | — | — | 4.5 | Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. | ||||
| MMP9 | J05070 | — | — | 4.5 | — | Could play a role in osteoclast resorption. | ||||
| Secreted | CSF2 | M13207 | — | 3.6 | 6.9 | 8.2 | Cytokine that stimulates growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells of different lineages. | |||
| GRO-1 | X54489 | 21.3 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 16.1 | Chemotactic activity for neutrophils. Plays a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine fashion. | ||||
| GRO-2 | M36820 | — | 23.8 | 55.0 | 14.5 | Produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils and expressed at sites of inflammation. | ||||
| GRO-3 | M36821 | — | 4.6 | — | 4.3 | Plays a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine fashion. | ||||
| IL-6 | X04430 | — | — | — | 2.7 | Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into lg-secreting cells, induces myeloma and plasmacytoma growth. | ||||
| IL-8 | M17017 | 4.3 | 17.4 | 14.9 | 26.6 | Chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T cells also involved in activation of neutrophils. | ||||
| IL-16 | M90391 | — | — | 5.3 | — | Stimulates a migratory response in CD4 lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. | ||||
| MCP-1 | M26683 | — | — | 15.9 | 6.6 | Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils. | ||||
| Signaling | DUSP1 | X68277 | 2.1 | — | — | — | Dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates map kinase ERK2 on both Thr183 and Tyr185. | |||
| GNA13 | L22075 | — | 4.6 | — | — | Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (g proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers of various transmembrane signaling systems. | ||||
| GOS2 | M69199 | — | — | 3.0 | — | Potential oncogene and regulator of latent HIV. | ||||
| NK4 | AA631972 | — | — | — | 3.1 | May play a role in lymphocyte activation. | ||||
| PPARA | L02932 | — | — | 6.3 | — | Controls the peroxisomal Beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. | ||||
| PRP4 | U48736 | — | 2.2 | — | — | A protein kinase that appears to be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. | ||||
| PTGS2 | L15326 | 4.9 | — | — | — | May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity. | ||||
| RYR1 | U48508 | — | — | 4.8 | — | Communication between transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Contraction of skeletal muscle is triggered by release of calcium ions from SR following depolarization of T tubules. | ||||
| ZFP36 | M92843 | 3.2 | — | 2.4 | — | Regulatory protein with a novel zinc finger structure involved in regulating the response to growth factors. Has been shown to bind zinc. | ||||
| Surface receptors | ALCAM | U30999 | 2.7 | — | — | — | Cell adhesion molecule that binds to CD6. Involved in neurite extension by neurons via heterophilic and homophilic interactions. May play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes, as well as in interactions between cells of the nervous system. | |||
| ICAM1 | M24283 | — | 4.6 | 12.7 | 20.7 | Ligand for the leukocyte adhesion LFA-1 protein. | ||||
| KIR2DL3 | AC006293 | — | — | 8.1 | — | Receptor on natural killer cells for HLA-C alleles. Inhibits the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. | ||||
| LAMB3 | U17760 | — | 4.9 | — | 3.4 | Binds to cells via a high-affinity receptor. Laminin is thought to mediate attachment, migration, and organization of cells into tissues. | ||||
| Transcription and translation factors | ATF3 | L19871 | — | 3.8 | 2.0 | — | Represses transcription from promoters with ATF sites. | |||
| CEBPD | M83667 | — | — | — | 2.8 | Important transcriptional activator in the regulation of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. | ||||
| EGR-1 | X52541 | 3.8 | 2.3 | — | — | Transcriptional regulator. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5′-cgcccccgc-3′ (egr-1 site). Activates the transcription of target genes whose products are required for mitogenesis and differentiation. | ||||
| FOS | V01512 | 10.8 | — | — | — | Nuclear phosphoprotein that forms a tight but noncovalently linked complex with the c-jun/AP-1 transcription factor. c-fos has a critical function in regulating the development of cells destined to form and maintain the cytoskeleton. It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation, and differentiation. | ||||
| FOSL2 | X16706 | — | 6.5 | — | — | Fos-related antigen 2. | ||||
| GEM | U10550 | — | 3.8 | — | — | Possible regulatory protein, possibly participating in receptor-mediated signal transduction at the plasma membrane. Has guanine nucleotide-binding activity but undetectable intrinsic GTPase activity. | ||||
| JUNB | U20734 | 2.8 | 2.4 | — | — | Transcription factor involved in regulating gene activity following the primary growth factor response. Binds to the DNA sequence tgac/gtca. | ||||
| NFκB2 | S76638 | — | — | — | 2.5 | P100 is the precursor of the p52 subunit of the NF-Kappa-B, which binds to the Kappa-B consensus sequence, located in the enhancer regions of genes involved in immune response and acute-phase reactions. | ||||
| NFκBIA | M69043 | — | — | 2.6 | — | Involved in regulation of transcriptional response of NF-Kappa-B, including adhesion-dependent pathways of monocyte activation. | ||||
| SNAPC1 | U44754 | — | 6.7 | — | — | Complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase and small nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-tata-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. | ||||
| TNFαIP-3 | M59465 | — | 3.7 | — | 11.2 | Inhibitor of programmed cell death. May contribute to the in vivo effects of TNF. | ||||
| TRAF-1 | U19261 | — | 4.3 | — | 32.9 | Signal transducer associated with the cytoplasmatic domain of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R2). | ||||
| Unknown | U17760 | — | 2.7 | — | — | Ø | ||||
| U38372 | — | 3.2 | — | — | Ø | |||||
. | . | . | Fold change . | . | . | . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional category . | . | GB Acc. no. . | Stx1 . | . | Stx2 . | . | . | |||
| . | Gene symbol . | . | 4 h . | 24 h . | 4 h . | 24 h . | Putative function . | |||
| General metabolism | EPB41 | M61733 | — | 4.7 | — | — | Protein 4.1 is a major structural element of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It plays a key role in regulating physical properties of membranes such as mechanical stability and deformability by stabilizing spectrin-actin interactions. Binds with a high affinity to glycophorin and with lower affinity to bandprotein. | |||
| GPX4 | AC005390 | — | — | — | 4.5 | Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. | ||||
| MMP9 | J05070 | — | — | 4.5 | — | Could play a role in osteoclast resorption. | ||||
| Secreted | CSF2 | M13207 | — | 3.6 | 6.9 | 8.2 | Cytokine that stimulates growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells of different lineages. | |||
| GRO-1 | X54489 | 21.3 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 16.1 | Chemotactic activity for neutrophils. Plays a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine fashion. | ||||
| GRO-2 | M36820 | — | 23.8 | 55.0 | 14.5 | Produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils and expressed at sites of inflammation. | ||||
| GRO-3 | M36821 | — | 4.6 | — | 4.3 | Plays a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine fashion. | ||||
| IL-6 | X04430 | — | — | — | 2.7 | Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into lg-secreting cells, induces myeloma and plasmacytoma growth. | ||||
| IL-8 | M17017 | 4.3 | 17.4 | 14.9 | 26.6 | Chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T cells also involved in activation of neutrophils. | ||||
| IL-16 | M90391 | — | — | 5.3 | — | Stimulates a migratory response in CD4 lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. | ||||
| MCP-1 | M26683 | — | — | 15.9 | 6.6 | Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils. | ||||
| Signaling | DUSP1 | X68277 | 2.1 | — | — | — | Dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates map kinase ERK2 on both Thr183 and Tyr185. | |||
| GNA13 | L22075 | — | 4.6 | — | — | Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (g proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers of various transmembrane signaling systems. | ||||
| GOS2 | M69199 | — | — | 3.0 | — | Potential oncogene and regulator of latent HIV. | ||||
| NK4 | AA631972 | — | — | — | 3.1 | May play a role in lymphocyte activation. | ||||
| PPARA | L02932 | — | — | 6.3 | — | Controls the peroxisomal Beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. | ||||
| PRP4 | U48736 | — | 2.2 | — | — | A protein kinase that appears to be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. | ||||
| PTGS2 | L15326 | 4.9 | — | — | — | May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity. | ||||
| RYR1 | U48508 | — | — | 4.8 | — | Communication between transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Contraction of skeletal muscle is triggered by release of calcium ions from SR following depolarization of T tubules. | ||||
| ZFP36 | M92843 | 3.2 | — | 2.4 | — | Regulatory protein with a novel zinc finger structure involved in regulating the response to growth factors. Has been shown to bind zinc. | ||||
| Surface receptors | ALCAM | U30999 | 2.7 | — | — | — | Cell adhesion molecule that binds to CD6. Involved in neurite extension by neurons via heterophilic and homophilic interactions. May play a role in the binding of T and B cells to activated leukocytes, as well as in interactions between cells of the nervous system. | |||
| ICAM1 | M24283 | — | 4.6 | 12.7 | 20.7 | Ligand for the leukocyte adhesion LFA-1 protein. | ||||
| KIR2DL3 | AC006293 | — | — | 8.1 | — | Receptor on natural killer cells for HLA-C alleles. Inhibits the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. | ||||
| LAMB3 | U17760 | — | 4.9 | — | 3.4 | Binds to cells via a high-affinity receptor. Laminin is thought to mediate attachment, migration, and organization of cells into tissues. | ||||
| Transcription and translation factors | ATF3 | L19871 | — | 3.8 | 2.0 | — | Represses transcription from promoters with ATF sites. | |||
| CEBPD | M83667 | — | — | — | 2.8 | Important transcriptional activator in the regulation of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. | ||||
| EGR-1 | X52541 | 3.8 | 2.3 | — | — | Transcriptional regulator. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5′-cgcccccgc-3′ (egr-1 site). Activates the transcription of target genes whose products are required for mitogenesis and differentiation. | ||||
| FOS | V01512 | 10.8 | — | — | — | Nuclear phosphoprotein that forms a tight but noncovalently linked complex with the c-jun/AP-1 transcription factor. c-fos has a critical function in regulating the development of cells destined to form and maintain the cytoskeleton. It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation, and differentiation. | ||||
| FOSL2 | X16706 | — | 6.5 | — | — | Fos-related antigen 2. | ||||
| GEM | U10550 | — | 3.8 | — | — | Possible regulatory protein, possibly participating in receptor-mediated signal transduction at the plasma membrane. Has guanine nucleotide-binding activity but undetectable intrinsic GTPase activity. | ||||
| JUNB | U20734 | 2.8 | 2.4 | — | — | Transcription factor involved in regulating gene activity following the primary growth factor response. Binds to the DNA sequence tgac/gtca. | ||||
| NFκB2 | S76638 | — | — | — | 2.5 | P100 is the precursor of the p52 subunit of the NF-Kappa-B, which binds to the Kappa-B consensus sequence, located in the enhancer regions of genes involved in immune response and acute-phase reactions. | ||||
| NFκBIA | M69043 | — | — | 2.6 | — | Involved in regulation of transcriptional response of NF-Kappa-B, including adhesion-dependent pathways of monocyte activation. | ||||
| SNAPC1 | U44754 | — | 6.7 | — | — | Complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase and small nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-tata-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. | ||||
| TNFαIP-3 | M59465 | — | 3.7 | — | 11.2 | Inhibitor of programmed cell death. May contribute to the in vivo effects of TNF. | ||||
| TRAF-1 | U19261 | — | 4.3 | — | 32.9 | Signal transducer associated with the cytoplasmatic domain of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R2). | ||||
| Unknown | U17760 | — | 2.7 | — | — | Ø | ||||
| U38372 | — | 3.2 | — | — | Ø | |||||
Fold change is the factor of regulation of mRNA from Stx-stimulated HUVECs versus nonstimulated HUVECs. Genes were included in this table if they were up- or down-regulated in 2 independent experiments by a factor of 2 or higher. Data are presented as mean value of regulation (n = 2). GB Acc no. indicates GenBank accession number;—, no regulation; NK, natural killer; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; LFA-1, leukocyte function-associated molecule 1; ATF; activating transcription factor; and Ø, putative function not known.