Prognostic factors in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
*Intermediate prognosis group in some studies |
Abbreviations: FAB, French-British-American classification; FLT3, FMS-like class III tyrosine kinase receptor gene; MLL, mixed-lineage leukemia gene |
Favorable |
AML with the t(15;17)(q22;q12-21) |
AML with the inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22) |
AML with the t(8;21)(q22;q22)* |
AML with the t(9;11)(p22;q23)* |
AML in children with Down syndrome |
AML in children under 1 year of age* |
Intermediate or undefined |
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia |
AML with other nonrandom chromosome abnormalities |
AML with normal karyotype |
FLT3 mutations/internal tandem duplications |
MLL amplification |
Expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters |
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha gene mutations |
Overexpression of ecotropic viral integration site-1 (EVI-1) |
Unfavorable |
AML with monosomy 7 or −7(q) |
AML with the t(6;9)(p23;q34) |
AML with complex karyotype |
AML evolving from myelodysplastic syndrome |
Persistent leukemia after 2 courses of intensive chemotherapy |
Therapy-related AML |
*Intermediate prognosis group in some studies |
Abbreviations: FAB, French-British-American classification; FLT3, FMS-like class III tyrosine kinase receptor gene; MLL, mixed-lineage leukemia gene |
Favorable |
AML with the t(15;17)(q22;q12-21) |
AML with the inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22) |
AML with the t(8;21)(q22;q22)* |
AML with the t(9;11)(p22;q23)* |
AML in children with Down syndrome |
AML in children under 1 year of age* |
Intermediate or undefined |
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia |
AML with other nonrandom chromosome abnormalities |
AML with normal karyotype |
FLT3 mutations/internal tandem duplications |
MLL amplification |
Expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters |
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha gene mutations |
Overexpression of ecotropic viral integration site-1 (EVI-1) |
Unfavorable |
AML with monosomy 7 or −7(q) |
AML with the t(6;9)(p23;q34) |
AML with complex karyotype |
AML evolving from myelodysplastic syndrome |
Persistent leukemia after 2 courses of intensive chemotherapy |
Therapy-related AML |